Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth. The disease is caused by a group of bacteria that naturally live in the mouth and form a sticky film on the teeth called dental plaque. However, if the plaque is not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, it can harden into tartar, which can only be removed by a dental professional.
The primary bacteria that cause periodontal disease are classified as gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria thrive in an oxygen-free environment and are responsible for the majority of periodontal infections. There are several types of bacteria that contribute to periodontal disease, including:
Porphyromonas gingivalis
This bacterium is a major contributor to periodontal disease and is often found in patients with severe forms of the disease. P. gingivalis can invade the gum tissue and produce enzymes that break down the connective tissue, leading to bone loss.
Treponema denticola
This bacterium is known for its ability to penetrate deep into the gum tissue and cause inflammation. T. denticola is often found in patients with advanced periodontal disease and can contribute to the breakdown of the gum tissue and bone loss.
Tannerella forsythia
This bacterium is associated with the early stages of periodontal disease and is often found in patients with gingivitis, the earliest form of gum disease. T. forsythia produces enzymes that break down the gum tissue and contribute to inflammation.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
This bacterium is associated with aggressive forms of periodontal disease and is often found in younger patients. A. actinomycetemcomitans can invade the gum tissue and produce toxins that damage the tissue and bone.
Periodontal disease can affect the body in several ways. Chronic inflammation in the gums can lead to the release of cytokines, which can trigger a systemic inflammatory response throughout the body. This response can contribute to the development of several systemic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory disease.
Preventing periodontal disease is essential to maintaining good oral health and preventing systemic diseases. Regular dental checkups and cleanings, along with good oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, can help prevent the buildup of plaque and tartar that can lead to periodontal disease. If you experience symptoms such as bleeding gums, bad breath, or loose teeth, it is important to see a dental professional as soon as possible to prevent further damage to your teeth and gums.
